Presentation On Rhetoric

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The Language of Persuasion In Politics: An Introduction By: Alan Partington & Charlotte Taylo.

Sohail A / Kuala Lumpur

8 years of teaching experience

Qualification: BA, LLB, MA, LLM, PhD

Teaches: Communicative English, English, Hindi, Spoken English, Contract Law, Law, Literature

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COURSE TEXTBOOK: THE LANGUAGE OF PERSUASION IN POLITICS: AN INTRODUCTION BY: ALAN PARTINGTON & CHARLOTTE TAYLOR
WHAT ARE 'POWERFUL LANGUAGES'? • Languages which for various military, economic • and/or cultural reasons came to prominence. A few examples: • -in Europe and the Middle East: Greek for military • and cultural reasons; Latin became prominent after • the Roman conquests • -Hebrew as the original language of the Bible • -China: forms of Mandarin dialect originating from • powerful cities of northern China • -English in recent times
EX. ' STANDARD ENGLISH' Today the language with greatest global influence, due to a complex historical interplay of economic, military, cultural and scientific motives, is 'standard English'. However this term is inappropriate because there are various subforms and has an infinite variety of dialects and accents. Moreover, the ROLE of English can differ considerably in different countries.
FUNCTION & UTILITY • - a further aspect in the relationship between language and power: fluency in • the powerful language of one's region can be an important factor in an individual gaining access to influential positions in society. • - demonstrates that the power of of language is also directly related to the function (utility) of that language. (Ex. India - English • "language of aspiration" p.xiii) • - due to commercial or political Utility, one language can also 'suppress' other languages
POWER DIFFERNTIALS • Some fields of political linguistis - such as critical discourse • studies - address the topic of LANGUAGE and POWER, in particular, examining the POWER DIFFERENTIALS of groups • within a society through language. What are power differntials? An examination and anslysis of what apects of power make group within society make their language more influential. • In examining power differntials, there are various • 'EMPOWERED' and 'DISEMPOWERED' groups within societies.
EMPOWERED GROUPS • -empowered groups: 'priviledged voices' - greater access to the "tools" (language resources & channels of communication) necessary to make • their voices more heard • -one of the main means of MAINTAINING and EXERCISING power. • -Consequently, 'empowered' groups have a greater ability to GET THEIR VOICES HEARD compared to • 'disempowered' groups. This course will examine some of these priviledged voices - mainly politicians, the media and others • whom are called 'professional persuaders'.
DISEMPOWERED GROUPS • Alternatively, disempowered gropus have less access to language resources and channels of • communication therefore mal<ing their voices less heard or more difficult to be heard.
It is important to not oversimplify and overgeneralise: • not all 'powerful' voices are malicious: they might be powerful by possessing useful knowledge and skills (healthcare workers, teachers, etc.) power relations can be much more complex than they first appear, and context is paramount (of extreme importance). There are fundamental dangers to classifying by simple group identity, mainly because there are often far greater differences among members of groups than among groups themselves. (p. xiv) Ex. : the sweeping statement "white western males are an economically privileged group". More accurate: 'a disproportionately high number of those people with power in the West are white males: 'empowerment' and 'disempowerment' is not a binary distinction; there are degrees of (dis)empowerment and also different types. (p.xv) Ex. middle-class women or working-class men, ethnic minority groups in western societies
• Early political linguistics failed to predict today's levels of human movement (migration and immigration). However today studies on migration and its linguistic repercussions. These studies have highlighted the need for government policy to focus on enabling children of (im)migrants to gain access to education in order to prevent a single-generation underclass from developing into a permanent underclass. • THE QUESTION/ISSUE OF ACCESS IS ALSO A LINGUISTIC ONE - children of migrants can be severely disadvanted if they do not speak the same language used in school, and special provisions should be made to address this problem. (p.xv)
• Another phenomenon that early schools of political thought did not predict was that the PRODUCERS of wealth (the workers) would, in the second generation of an industrial revolution, also become the CONSUMERS, therefore acquiring a double value and considerable power (ex. England, Europe, North America, south-east Asia) and now occuring throughout the developing world (better described as middle-income countries). Morevover, industrialisation coincided with the spread of literacy and of education for ordinary people, making ordinary people also become consumers of information, a market for persuasion and even persuaders themselves. (p. xv - xvi)
• "ASA RESULT, DESPITE THE INCREASE IN SOME KINDS OF INEQUALITY AS GLOBAL CORPORATIONS EXPAND, THE GOOD NEWS IS THAT THE STANDARD OF LIFE ENJOYED BY THE MAJORITY OF THE HUMAN POPULATION, AS MEASURED BY ALMOST EVERY METRIC EXPECTANCY, NUTRITION AND HEALTH, AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION IS HIGHTERTHAN IN ANY PREVIOUS STAGE IN HISTORY. THE CHALLENGE IS TO ENSURE BOTH THAT THIS TREND CONTINUES AND VERY POOREST (THE SO-CALLED 'BOTTOM BILLION, UNIT 3-3) ALSO GAIN ACCESS TO THIS UNPRECEDENTED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND ARE ABLE TO MAKE THEIR VOICES HEARD." (P.XVI)

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Presentation On Rhetoric

Sohail A / Kuala Lumpur

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